Geopolitics: the main temporal powers are the United States (where they are now, and it's a republic), Russia (ruled by a hereditary Tzar), and China (doing some extremely complicated thing that seems to cash out to "it's corrupt but it keeps things mostly functional"). There are also several other big countries and a whole lot of small, slightly poorer ones. There are tensions between countries, over trade and the question of which government is best, but lately weapons are so fearsome and war so terrible that the big ones avoid it in favor of glaring at each other.
Family: marriages are between one man and one woman of similar age, usually between 16 and 25, and are indissoluble in any circumstances. Having children is expected though not technically mandatory, and recent advances in medicine have the world population exploding into the billions with no sign of slowing down. Men are expected to work outside the home, to fight in time of war, and to have final authority over decisions made for their households; women are expected to work inside the home, do nearly all the childcare, and be morally and spiritually pure, as demonstrated by never being alone with a male non-relative.
Religion: different countries have different amounts of organized and centralized Church hierarchy (in Russia, it's practically a second government; in America churches are mostly local). God doesn't seem to interface formally with any of them. Worshipping God looks like everyone saying a few sentences of praise to Him first thing in the morning and last thing when they go to bed, plus weekly services with more praise (sung and spoken) and a pastor giving a speech about some aspect of ethics AKA His will, plus more services on holidays. Worship is universally the same everywhere, with the main variations being the celebratory customs around various holidays. There are a handful of humans living in places so remote, and with such willingness to murder intruders, nobody has been able to explain the Gospel to them; this is considered a tragedy (since they're inevitably going to Hell until someone does) and expeditions keep being sent.