...Esta does know that Teleporting to a new time zone with intent to stay a while will sync you up to its dawn. And Esta also knows, or rather considers it obvious without quite bothering to distinguish observation from inference, that you couldn't possibly Teleport around from dawn to dawn, picking up more and more spells each day. Everyone sufficiently high-level would do that, if it were that easy.
Esta therefore knows (still not quite distinguishing observation from inference) that it is not a matter of dawn being magical. It is a matter of divine compacts. You can't get new spells "every dawn" by Teleporting, because it's not allowed. The Compact of Creation would of course have loopholes, for that it was written by Asmodeus Himself. But it would not have loopholes so obvious that mortals would see them, for then the gods of Good would have seen them too, and before it was too late for Them.
So -- what does the Compact say about his being on a different planet? Must he wait a long time between dawns? That doesn't seem any more sensible than being able to get spells twice as fast if the planet's dawns come more frequently... and Esta does not really know which of these is the case on this planet. It was night when he opened his eyes again after drowning, and it is night again now, but that could have reflected multiple day-night changes. His intuition says no, but this, Esta knows for intuition and not knowledge.
...Why is Esta not dead. Mariona would have needed to reach him within four moments of his unconsciousness to use Breath of Life after his death, and Mariona is not 5th-circle in the first place?? Esta is reasonably sure her fortress does not have an emergency Raise Dead scroll.
Esta sets aside that question.
Esta was not woken by a sense of Asmodeus's presence, within those 24 hours, to cue him that it was time to pray.
Maybe the Compact just says at this point that Esta can pray at will, but only once every 24 hours, if there is otherwise no civilization here?