She grins broadly.
"Appearance transfigurations are superficial and wear off more quickly. The majority of them are actually considered illusions - properly, only illusions should be in that class, but convincing wizards that non-illusion changes to things like color involve changing form has been an uphill battle. Form transfigurations change the actual structure of an object, and they can last longer. You can't make appearance transfigurations permanent, though even making form transfigurations permanent is an extremely advanced skill."
"You can change behavior without changing form - for instance, if you levitated an item, or froze it in place. But, yes, things like changing a person's behavior naturally involves changes in their brain - but most wizarding theorists think neuroscience is a bizarre field probably irrelevant to their own."
"The technical difference between light and dark magic is that dark magic requires sacrifices, and light magic does not. This is, you will note, almost entirely incongruous with the legal definition, except inasmuch as a sacrifice definitionally harms something. There are actually a large number of European countries where the legal definition matches the technical definition, and many outside of Europe think that particular division is stupid. Historically, dark magic was actually rooted in a different magical practice that predated the invention of wizardry - which is part of the reason for the stigma, though deep dark magic is legitimately harmful, and even mild dark magic is riskier to experiment with than light magic. Sacrifices can be of magical energy, of blood, of objects, of obligation, of memory, or of life, plus some other more obscure elements. Most dark spells you will encounter sacrifice energy, though dark rituals - which are an obscure field - have a wider variety. Also, the definition of a 'sacrifice' is debated - some theorists insist that all harmful elements of a spell are sacrifices, making the technical category of dark arts simply somewhat broader than the legal category."
"The academic definition of the dark arts is also often somewhat strange - my position is as professor of Defense Against the Dark Arts, where 'dark arts' are mostly loosely defined as 'dangerous things you might encounter.' Different schools have different things under the heading of 'dark arts.'"
"Additionally, creatures and sapient beings may be considered dark, as may witchcraft - dark witchcraft is simply witchcraft harmful to humans, whereas dark creatures and beings are those the Ministry thinks are dangerous to magical humans. Which is a somewhat silly category subject pretty much solely to politics. There's no actual technical division there, though."
"And wizarding trials vary with the severity of an offense. Magical people have the right to a trial at all and to know what they're accused of, but not to legal representation, nor to a speedy trial, nor to a jury, nor any of the other myriad rights muggles have enshrined. They're rather far behind muggles, in that. Most trials are solved by a single judge, though severe or politically contentious trials can go before the legislative body of the Ministry, the Wizengamot."