Wow that's a lot of questions! Vanyel does his best to write up answers.
Gifts are heritable in Velgarth but he doesn't think anyone on Earth has Gifts even in potential, he's checked a lot of people. These are all the kinds of Gifts, most of them do one or two things except mage-gift which does a lot of things as long as you know the technique for it. There's been some study of it but their scientific method isn't quite as far advanced as on Earth. (Though Leareth knows a lot.) Valdemar has a population of half a million and is run by Heralds, who are people Chosen by magic intelligent horses, usually people with Gifts, and also by a Council of hereditary nobility; Valdemar's tech level is much lower than present-day Earth and their economy primary agrarian, although having magic adds some differences from comparable tech-level periods of Earth's history.
He doesn't have much opinion on Communism, it sounds complicated and like he should read more first? School prayer sounds - fine - but does Earth even have gods, they don't seem very interfere-y the way Velgarth gods are. They have not heard the good news of Jesus Christ and now he's kind of curious (but mostly tired, there are already enough things.)
He has to look up Roe vs Wade, and...wow that seems really complicated, but, shrug, Thoughtsensers can confirm that embryos are undetectable before five or six weeks (and no thoughts or emotions to speak of for months after, just something-there-at all). In Velgarth no one gets very worked up about Healers doing abortions, in the places that have Healers to do this (which he admits doesn't include much of Valdemar's rural population), though of course it's really upsetting if it's because the mother is too ill or the child too deformed to survive birth and the parents wanted the child badly. He's confused that Earth seems to have such strong contrary opinions on this topic.